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In addition to ADCs, mixed-signal FPGAs usually include sensors that allow some of their operating parameters to be monitored. For instance, a sensor to measure die temperature is available in both Altera MAX 10 and Xilinx 7 Series devices. Monitoring die temperature allows to check if the device is working within an acceptable temperature range, hence helping to prevent damages due to excessive heating.
These sensors generate a voltage proportional to on-chip temperature, which, for instance, in the case of 7 Series devices is
where
k is the Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 · 10 −23 J/K)
T is the temperature (K)
q is the charge of the electron (1.6 · 10 −19 C)
Voltage sensors are also available in 7 Series devices to measure on-chip power supply voltages (as shown in Figure 5.1). Both temperature and volt- age sensors are connected to the input of the ADC through the input MUXes, and they are sampled in the same way as all other analog inputs. Usually, sampling of these signals is carried out by default, and alarms are generated even if the analog resources are not being used.
It is possible to define thresholds for these signals and generate alarms if these values are exceeded. For instance, some devices go to an inactive state when temperature or supply voltage go outside the acceptable ranges. Also, the speed of the fan cooling a device can be adjusted as a response to a tem- perature alarm.
In addition to the MAX 10 and 7 Series devices, FPGAs from other fami- lies also include less-performant analog resources. Altera Stratix V, Stratix IV, Arria V, and Arria V GZ FPGAs include a temperature sensor diode (TSD) with a built-in 8-bit (10-bit in Arria 10 devices) ADC circuitry to monitor die temperature. Xilinx Virtex-5, Virtex-6, UltraScale, UltraScale+, and Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC families include an analog block, called System Monitor (SYSMON, with several versions available depending on the device), with embedded temperature and voltage sensors and the same number of external analog channels as in 7 Series devices, but with just a 10-bit, 20 ksps ADC.
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