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External memory interface is an important component for majority of systems that are designed today. You have the option to choose various types of external memo- ries depending upon the system requirements. The external memories required by you are supported through Xilinx Vivado IP catalog. Vivado provides options for you to confi gure various memory controllers as per your requirements. The performance of a memory subsystem would depend upon the access pattern to the memory, the electrical settings that are available, and the Vivado options. This chapter would go over the various types of memories that are available for you and the options that are available to confi gure the memory subsystem to get the required performance.
The on-chip memory available in an FPGA has increased over generations. The FPGA internal memories can be confi gured in various ways as per your require- ments. The memory available in an FPGA can fully satisfy the memory requi- rements of a system or partially depending on the system requirements. Systems for which the memory requirements are more than that is available in an FPGA would opt for external memory. The type of memory used in a system will vary based on the system requirements. Various factors like throughput , storage requirements, power consumption, cost, and memory technology roadmap will go into selecting a memory interface.
Typically for an embedded system, a DRAM (dynamic random access memory) would be used as the external memory. DRAM memories are attractive due to the low cost per bit ratio, density, and availability. DRAM memories have evolved over time and the latest memories come with various power-saving features and also available at high data rates (3200 MT/s). A networking system would have a combination of DRAM memories and fast SRAM (static random access memory) or RLDRAM (reduced latency dynamic random access memory) memories. RLDRAM and SRAM memories are also feature rich and reach high data rates. RLDRAM and SRAM mem- ories are expensive compared to DRAM , but they are attractive for applications that require low memory access times.
It is assumed that you have a good understanding of the memory technology, the roadmap, and the rationale behind choosing a memory for the system. The focus of the chapter will be on various options available for you and how you can set up the memory controller to achieve the system performance requirements.
Every memory IP has a product guide associated with it. The product guide will describe the IP in detail. You are encouraged to read the product guide for a particu- lar IP to get in-depth knowledge of the IP. For every FPGA generation, there is also a PCB design user’s guide which has many details regarding the PCB consider- ations that has to be taken into account for a memory interface.
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