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A central part of microprocessors is the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). This block in a processor takes a number of inputs from registers and as its name suggests carries out either logic functions (such as NOT, AND, OR, and XOR) on the inputs, or arithmetic functions (addition or subtraction at a minimum), although it must be noted that these will be integer (or fixed point, potentially) and not floating point. This chapter of the book will describe how these types of low-level logic and arithmetic functions can be implemented in VHDL and Verilog. In this chapter, in some cases we have used bit and in other std_logic, both of which are valid. In practice, most designers will use the more complete definition in std_logic (and the vector extension std_logic_vector); however, both may be used. In the case of std_logic, the IEEE library must be included.
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